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	<title>Journal de Etica y Cine</title>
	<link>https://www.journal.eticaycine.org/</link>
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		<title>Captain America: First Avenger or First Posthuman?</title>
		<link>https://journal.eticaycine.org/Captain-America-First-Avenger-or-First-Posthuman</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://journal.eticaycine.org/Captain-America-First-Avenger-or-First-Posthuman</guid>
		<dc:date>2018-05-11T23:38:02Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>es</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Mirko Daniel Garasic</dc:creator>



		<description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With different levels of intensity, all media have a political stand. In particular, since its inception, cinema has been moulded in accordance to a political agenda with the propagandist use of films exercised in Nazi Germany representing with no doubts one of its peaks. The focus of this work will be to analyse a contemporary film set in that historical context, namely &lt;i&gt;Captain America: the First Avenger&lt;/i&gt;. In so doing, I will underline the last trend in Hollywood: supporting in a more or less evident manner radical human enhancement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key Words:&lt;/strong&gt; Captain America | Avengers | Superheroes | Human Enhancement | Genetic Engineering&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This article is available in Spanish: &lt;a href='https://journal.eticaycine.org/Capitan-America-Primer-vengador-o-primer-ser-post-humano' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;Capit&#225;n America: &#191;Primer vengador o primer ser post-humano?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

-
&lt;a href="https://journal.eticaycine.org/-Volumen-3-No-2-" rel="directory"&gt;Volumen 03 | N&#186; 2&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;When, twenty years ago, John Harris opted for the title &#8220;Wonderwoman and Superman&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Harris, J, Wonderwoman and Superman: Ethics of Human Biotechnology (Studies (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; for his very successful and influential book on the ethics of human enhancement, he could have hardly chosen a more visionary way of describing the current wave of adaptations of comic book superheroes' stories to cinema -especially in regards to the resulting [mis]use of their tales as examples and reference for the sustainers of human enhancement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With different levels of intensity, all media have a political stand. In particular, since its inception, cinema has been moulded in accordance to a political agenda with the propagandist use of films exercised in Nazi Germany representing with no doubts one of its peaks. The focus of this work will be to analyse a contemporary film set in that historical context, namely &lt;i&gt;Captain America: the First Avenger&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Captain America, 2011,&#034; id=&#034;nh2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. In so doing, I will underline the last trend in Hollywood: supporting in a more or less evident manner radical human enhancement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Certainly the theme of human enhancement is not new to Hollywood, with Gattaca&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Gattaca, 1998,&#034; id=&#034;nh3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; as its main successful portray (used in fact even by prominent experts in the field of human enhancement such as Julian Savulescu&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Savulescu, J and Foddy, B., To Gattaca and beyond, The Age, April 29 2007, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;), nor is the theme of the creation of super soldiers&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;For example, Universal Soldiers, 1992,&#034; id=&#034;nh5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, what is peculiar about the plot of &lt;i&gt;Captain America&lt;/i&gt;, is that the functionality of the enhancement is very neatly related to its military implementation and the resulting [supposed] moral and practical benefits for humanity. This aspect, does not only make the moral evaluation of the enhancement more intrinsically utilitarian (a surely strong ideology in the Anglo-American context), but it also drastically reduces the gap between reality and fiction. Plenty has been written over the drastic changes that warfare has had in recent years&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Mehlman, Lin, Abney,&#034; id=&#034;nh6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Indeed, in the &#8220;real world&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;[accessed on 28 November 2012&#034; id=&#034;nh7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;] US Army -as well as other armies that do not share their programs so openly- is undergoing experiments and research focused on diminishing the need for sleep for soldiers, reducing fatigue and bleeding very much in line with the creation of a super soldier comparable to the protagonist of the film. For reason of space, the moral status of such technological improvements and the problems related to their practical implementation will not be discussed here, but the debate around this very interesting topic is indeed very fervent&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See for example: Wolfendale, J and Steve Clarke, &#8216;Paternalism, Consent, and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The plot of the film follows quite accurately the original story developed by the comic book that first came out in the middle of World War II with the admitted intention to function as a neat stand against Nazism inside and outside the US.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In fact, Joe Simon -the writer who gave birth to the first version of the comic hero- said that Captain America was a consciously political creation; he and his artistic partner Jack Kirby were morally repulsed by the actions of Nazi Germany in the years leading up to the United States' involvement in WWII and felt war was inevitable: &#8220;The opponents to the war were all quite well organized. We wanted to have our say too.&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Wright, Bradford W. (2001). Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Steve Rogers, a &#8220;less-than-ordinary&#8221; guy from New York, is turned into a super soldier by Doctor Erskine (who was called Josef Reinstein before the war and that, of course, represents the good German side within the over simplistic analysis of the war sketched in the film) with the specific intention to fight against the evil Red Skull (aka Johann Schmidt); a Nazi obsessed with esoteric relics and -mind you- power. After an initial use a propagandistic tool, Rogers gradually becomes a truly accepted -and thus followed- Captain America by taking action on the field, gaining respect among his compatriots and putting fear in his enemies. Finally, after the last epic battle with Red Skull -and fully In line with his noble character- Captain America heroically disappears somewhere in the North Pole with a plane full of bombs that would have otherwise destroyed US' main cities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Many are the messages brought forward by Captain America. First of all, it is important to note the technical &lt;i&gt;escamotage &lt;/i&gt; used in the film to legitimise the character of Captain America and its moral stand, despite its often ridiculous -and so approximately military- approach to war combat. The first rescue mission for example, in which his stars and stripes shield sticks out of the screen like a light bulb would not exactly represent a chapter of a &#8220;stealth mode&#8221; guidebook. To overcome this structural limit of such a propagandistic superhero, the film adopts a pre-emptive strike on the issue by laughing at the very same Captain America within the movie itself; Rogers is portrayed (and labelled by his fellow troops) as a clown and thrown tomatoes at. However, it is precisely because of the implementation of this &#8220;public mocking&#8221; that (once Captain America becomes truly engaged in the fighting proving his extraordinary skills) the viewer can next move to perceive the main character as reliable and -most importantly- immune to all those critiques willing to question his excessive patriotism. Hence, we feel entitled to say to ourselves: &#8220;I'd be so cool if I could do that...&#8221; without sounding too silly in our head.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, my main concern with the film is its support implicit support of posthumanism, and I shall now move to analyse how this message is strongly present even outside the film itself. More specifically, it is worth considering that in one of the trailers promoting the film, the graphic puts forward the line &#8220;heroes &lt;i&gt;are made&lt;/i&gt; in America&#8221; (my emphasis added).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A substantial and peculiar twist in the very concept of what constitutes a hero. The usual way of intending an act to be heroic, refers specifically on the inner qualities of the individual to overcome her or his fears, physical limits, congenital egoism, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This aspect of course is considered in the film and at the very core of the &#8220;selection process&#8221; undergone by Steve Rogers &#8211;who is in fact chosen precisely for its moral qualities by Doctor Erskine.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Yet, the sentence quote above seems to suggest something different even to the American Dream itself: America is not a land that will allow you to flourish and -as a result- become a hero, but rather it will make you one. Whether you like it or not seems to be not particularly relevant. A much more gloomy and imposing way of portraying the role of the State in the shaping of a &#8220;moral &#233;lite&#8221; the humanity will have to rely on.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Another quote, this time directly from the movie goes:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;General Patton has said: &#8216;wars are fought with weapons, but they are won by men'. We are going to win this war because we have the best men...and because they're gonna get better, much better!&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Combining this statement with the disgusted look of the Colonel at the yet-to-be-enhanced Rogers, it seems clear that by better he was referring to physically fitter. His assessment of what are the requirements to become a &#8220;better human being&#8221; is counterbalanced by that of Doctor Erskine as he explains to Rogers why he opted for him -by far the physically weaker soldier- to inaugurate the program of super soldiers:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;This is why you were chosen. Because a strong man, who has known power all his life, will lose respect for that power...but a weak man, knows the value of strength, and knows compassion.&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thus, the message seems to promote human qualities such as empathy and wisdom as groundwork for a better human being. However, two aspects must be considered in relation to this scenario.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;First, the use of &#8220;normality&#8221; as a virtue in itself in the dialectic of the film seems to suffer from some of the same weaknesses of some arguments in favour of human enhancement&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Robert Sparrow, &#034;A Not-So-New Eugenics: Harris and Savulescu on Human (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Second -and most important- in real warfare scenarios, the qualities mentioned above are not even considered. All technologies aim to do is increasing the physical strength of the soldier, not his or her moral stature.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, it is for this reason that Captain America is the epitome of the perfect soldier: chosen for his moral capabilities, he is able to use his empowerment for the good of others without being tempted to exploit his supernatural (or we might say posthuman) body structure to his personal advantage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As mentioned above, the first part of the story -the technical enhancement of a soldier- is quite realistic as drastic improvements in this direction have been made by US Army. The real superheroic dimension of the character derives from his capability to resist the all-too-human weakness to exploit an advantage. The result is obviously a tale very much in support of the human enhancement ideology. Yet, the problem stays there unquestioned: what would happen if Captain America would suddenly change his attitude towards his unenhanced fellow human beings and begin to discriminate against the unenhanced?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The voluntary omission of a convincing answer to this question would lead us to conclude that the propagandistic scope of the film industry has drastically changed: rather than demonizing to the extreme a given enemy, films are now used to facilitate the swallowing of that pill that is already a reality behind the cameras.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Harris, J, Wonderwoman and Superman: Ethics of Human Biotechnology (Studies in bioethics), 1992, OUP&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Captain America, 2011, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0458339/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0458339/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gattaca, 1998, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119177/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119177/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Savulescu, J and Foddy, B., To Gattaca and beyond, The Age, April 29 2007, available at: &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/to-gattaca-and-beyond/2007/04/28/1177460039850.html%20&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/to-gattaca-and-beyond/2007/04/28/1177460039850.html%20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Universal Soldiers, 1992, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105698/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105698/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mehlman, Lin, Abney, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/petrie-flom/workshop/pdf/mehlman.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/petrie-flom/workshop/pdf/mehlman.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/super-soldiers-the-quest-for-the-ultimate-human-killing-machine-6263279.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/super-soldiers-the-quest-for-the-ultimate-human-killing-machine-6263279.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Wolfendale, J and Steve Clarke, &#8216;Paternalism, Consent, and the Use of Experimental Drugs in the Military', Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 33 (4): 337-355 (2008).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Wright, Bradford W. (2001). Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Johns Hopkins.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Robert Sparrow, &#034;A Not-So-New Eugenics: Harris and Savulescu on Human Enhancement,&#034; Hastings Center Report 41, no. 1 (2011): 32-42.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Harris, J, Wonderwoman and Superman: Ethics of Human Biotechnology (Studies in bioethics), 1992, OUP&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Captain America, 2011, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0458339/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0458339/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Gattaca, 1998, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119177/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119177/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Savulescu, J and Foddy, B., To Gattaca and beyond, The Age, April 29 2007, Available at: &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/to-gattaca-and-beyond/2007/04/28/1177460039850.html%20&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/to-gattaca-and-beyond/2007/04/28/1177460039850.html%20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;For example, Universal Soldiers, 1992, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105698/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105698/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Mehlman, Lin, Abney, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/petrie-flom/workshop/pdf/mehlman.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/petrie-flom/workshop/pdf/mehlman.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/super-soldiers-the-quest-for-the-ultimate-human-killing-machine-6263279.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/super-soldiers-the-quest-for-the-ultimate-human-killing-machine-6263279.html&lt;/a&gt; [accessed on 28 November 2012&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;See for example: Wolfendale, J and Steve Clarke, &#8216;Paternalism, Consent, and the Use of Experimental Drugs in the Military', Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 33 (4): 337-355 (2008).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Wright, Bradford W. (2001). Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Johns Hopkins. p. 36.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Robert Sparrow, &#034;A Not-So-New Eugenics: Harris and Savulescu on Human Enhancement,&#034; Hastings Center Report 41, no. 1 (2011): 32-42.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="es">
		<title>Capit&#225;n America: &#191;Primer vengador o primer ser post-humano?</title>
		<link>https://journal.eticaycine.org/Capitan-America-Primer-vengador-o-primer-ser-post-humano</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://journal.eticaycine.org/Capitan-America-Primer-vengador-o-primer-ser-post-humano</guid>
		<dc:date>2018-04-14T21:11:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>es</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Mirko Daniel Garasic</dc:creator>



		<description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resumen&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La toma de posici&#243;n pol&#237;tica subyace a todas las formas de comunicaci&#243;n. Si tomamos el caso del cine, &#233;ste ha sido, desde su nacimiento, instrumentado seg&#250;n las conveniencias pol&#237;ticas, llegando esto a su extremo con los filmes de propaganda durante el nazismo. El presente trabajo analiza un film contempor&#225;neo que se inscribe en ese contexto hist&#243;rico: Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica, el primer vengador. Se desarrollar&#225; as&#237; la tendencia actualmente en boga en Hollywood: apoyar, de forma m&#225;s o menos evidente, las estrategias de mejoramiento o perfeccionamiento humano.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Palabras Clave:&lt;/strong&gt; Capit&#225;n America | Los Vengadores | Super h&#233;roes | Mejoramiento Humano | Ingenier&#237;a Gen&#233;tica&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href='https://journal.eticaycine.org/Captain-America-First-Avenger-or-First-Posthuman' class=&#034;spip_in&#034;&gt;Abstract &amp; Article English Version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

-
&lt;a href="https://journal.eticaycine.org/-Volumen-3-Nro-2-" rel="directory"&gt;Volumen 03 | Nro 2&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cuando veinte a&#241;os atr&#225;s John Harris escribi&#243; su libro &lt;i&gt;Wonderwoman and Superman: The Ethics of Human Biotechnology&lt;/i&gt;, que tanta influencia ha tenido sobre las concepciones &#233;ticas en torno al mejoramiento humano&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Human Enhancement, en el original ingl&#233;s. La expresi&#243;n ha sido traducida (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; , dif&#237;cilmente pudo haber seleccionado una mejor manera para describir la actual seguidilla de adaptaciones de libros de superh&#233;roes al cine. Especialmente sobre la mala utilizaci&#243;n que de ellos se hace en el tratamiento del as&#237; llamado mejoramiento del ser humano.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En distintos grados, todas las formas de comunicaci&#243;n tienen una postura pol&#237;tica tomada. Si tomamos el caso del cine, desde su nacimiento ha sido utilizado seg&#250;n las conveniencias pol&#237;ticas, encontrando esta tendencia su punto culminante en el nazismo. El presente trabajo est&#225; centrado en el an&#225;lisis de un film contempor&#225;neo ubicado en ese contexto hist&#243;rico: &lt;i&gt;Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica, el primer vengador&lt;/i&gt;. Se buscar&#225; resaltar con este an&#225;lisis la tendencia actualmente en boga en Hollywood, que consiste como veremos en apoyar, de forma m&#225;s o menos evidente, las tesis del mejoramiento humano.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://journal.eticaycine.org/IMG/jpg/captain-america-the-first-avenger-20110222054715970.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://journal.eticaycine.org/IMG/jpg/captain-america-the-first-avenger-20110222054715970.jpg?1754362408' width='500' height='639' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;Sin lugar a dudas, el tema del mejoramiento humano no es nuevo en &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Hollywood, siendo &lt;i&gt;Gattaca&lt;/i&gt; su retrato m&#225;s exitoso &#8211;utilizado como ejemplo por expertos en el &#225;rea del mejoramiento humano, tales como Julian Savulescu. Tampoco lo es por cierto el tema de la creaci&#243;n de los s&#250;per soldados.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La peculiaridad de la trama de Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica radica en que la funcionalidad del mejoramiento humano est&#225; prolijamente relacionada a su implementaci&#243;n militar y los resultados (supuestamente) morales y pr&#225;cticos que estos tienen para la humanidad. Este aspecto no s&#243;lo supone una evaluaci&#243;n moral y utilitaria del mejoramiento (una ideolog&#237;a propia del contexto anglosaj&#243;n) sino que reduce adem&#225;s la brecha entre ficci&#243;n y realidad. Mucho se ha escrito sobre el creciente cambio que ha tenido la guerra y su industria en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os. De hecho, el ej&#233;rcito de los Estados Unidos &#8211;as&#237; como otros ej&#233;rcitos que no comparten tan abiertamente su pol&#237;tica&#8211; est&#225; llevando a cabo experimentos para reducir la necesidad de sue&#241;o, la fatiga y el derramamiento de sangre de los soldados, experimentos que est&#225;n en la l&#237;nea del modelo de soldado que presenta el film. Por razones de espacio no trataremos aqu&#237; la cuesti&#243;n del estatuto moral de las mejoras tecnol&#243;gicas y los problemas relacionados a su implementaci&#243;n, pero el debate alrededor de este tema tiene enorme actualidad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La trama de la pel&#237;cula sigue bastante de cerca la historia original desarrollada en el comic, que apareci&#243; por primera vez a mediados de la segunda guerra mundial, con la intenci&#243;n expl&#237;cita de ser un soporte ideol&#243;gico contra el nazismo, dentro y fuera de los Estados Unidos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De hecho, Joe Simon &#8211;el escritor que dio nacimiento a la primera versi&#243;n del c&#243;mic&#8211; dijo que el Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica fue una creaci&#243;n consciente y deliberadamente pol&#237;tica; &#233;l y su compa&#241;ero Jack Kirby sent&#237;an una profunda repulsa por las acciones de los nazis en los a&#241;os previos a la participaci&#243;n de los Estados Unidos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial y consideraban que la guerra era inevitable: &#8220;los que se opon&#237;an a la guerra estaban bien organizados. Nosotros tambi&#233;n ten&#237;amos algo que decir al respecto.&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El argumento del film es relativamente sencillo. Steve Rogers, un simple empleado de una tienda en Nueva York, es transformado en un s&#250;per soldado por el Dr. Erskine &#8211;quien era llamado Josef antes de la guerra y que, por supuesto, representaba el lado bueno de Alemania en el marco del an&#225;lisis simplista de la guerra que propone el film. El objetivo espec&#237;fico del experimento era dar batalla contra el malvado Red Skull (tambi&#233;n conocido como Johan Schmidt), un nazi obsesionado con reliquias esot&#233;ricas y fascinado por el poder. Luego de haber sido utilizado inicialmente como herramienta propagand&#237;stica, Rogers se convierte gradualmente en un Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica, aceptado y seguido por el pueblo norteamericano, entrando en acci&#243;n en el campo de batalla, gan&#225;ndose el respeto de sus compatriotas e imponiendo el temor a los enemigos. Finalmente, luego de la &#250;ltima batalla &#233;pica con Red Skull &#8211;en la cual se sigue sosteniendo el car&#225;cter noble del personaje&#8211; el Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica desaparece heroicamente en alg&#250;n lugar del Polo Norte, llevando consigo un avi&#243;n lleno de bombas que de otra forma hubiesen destruido las principales ciudades de los Estados Unidos.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://journal.eticaycine.org/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH375/captain_america_the_first_avenger-ce8ea.jpg?1775199912' width='500' height='375' alt='' /&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;Muchos son los mensajes que se pueden desprender de la historia del Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica. Antes que nada, es importante notar la t&#225;ctica utilizada en el film para legitimar al personaje del Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica y su posici&#243;n moral, a pesar de la aproximaci&#243;n casi rid&#237;cula y excesivamente militar que se hace de los combates. Por ejemplo, la primera misi&#243;n de rescate, en el cual su escudo de barras y estrellas brilla en la oscuridad, no es precisamente la representaci&#243;n de un m&#233;todo sigiloso. Para sobrellevar el l&#237;mite estructural de un h&#233;roe tan propagand&#237;stico, el film toma una postura preventiva, ri&#233;ndose del mismo Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica en la propia pel&#237;cula; Rogers es retratado (y etiquetado por sus propios compa&#241;eros) como un payaso al cual se le tiran tomates. Pero es justamente esta humillaci&#243;n p&#250;blica la que permite al espectador percibir al personaje principal como alguien confiable y &#8211;m&#225;s importante- alguien inmune a aquellas cr&#237;ticas que cuestionan su excesivo patriotismo., Esto ocurre naturalmente una vez que el Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica se involucra realmente en la guerra, mostrando su coraje en combate. Por lo tanto, nos sentimos con el derecho de decirnos a nosotros mismos &#8220;ser&#237;a genial poder hacer eso&#8221; sin sentirnos demasiado tontos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sin embargo, nuestra principal preocupaci&#243;n respecto del film es su apoyo impl&#237;cito al pos-humanismo. Analizaremos a continuaci&#243;n c&#243;mo este mensaje se encuentra fuertemente presente, incluso por fuera del mismo film. M&#225;s espec&#237;ficamente, vale la pena considerar que en uno de los trailers que promocionan al film, se lee lo siguiente: &#8220;Los h&#233;roes &lt;i&gt;son hechos&lt;/i&gt; en Am&#233;rica&#8221; (las it&#225;licas son nuestras).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Se produce un giro sustancial y peculiar en el concepto de qu&#233; es aquello que constituye a un h&#233;roe. Usualmente, la manera de entender un acto heroico hace referencia espec&#237;ficamente a las cualidades internas de aquel individuo que super&#243; sus miedos, limitaciones f&#237;sicas, ego&#237;smo estructural, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Por supuesto que este aspecto es tomado en el film desde el centro del proceso de selecci&#243;n que sobrevino Steve Rogers elegido por el Dr. Erskine debido a sus cualidades morales.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sin embargo, la frase promocional del film pareciera implicar algo diferente, incluso para aquel que tenga el sue&#241;o de convertirse en el Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica: Am&#233;rica (los Estados Unidos) no es una tierra que le permitir&#225; a uno florecer y como resultado devenir un h&#233;roe, sino que lo &lt;i&gt;transformar&#225;&lt;/i&gt; en un h&#233;roe. Si a uno le gusta o no, parece no ser relevante. Se muestra al Estado cumpliendo su rol en la formaci&#243;n de la &#233;lite moral que tendr&#225; el deber de cuidar a la humanidad; y esto es retratado de forma ominosa y espectacular. Otra frase, directamente extra&#237;da del film, dice:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;El General Patton ha dicho: &#8216;Las guerras son libradas con armas, pero son ganadas por hombres' Ganaremos esta guerra porque tenemos los mejores hombres&#8230; y porque ser&#225;n aun mejores, &#161;mucho mejores!&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si combinamos este comentario con la mirada de asco del Coronel hacia el todav&#237;a no perfeccionado Rogers, queda claro que con &#8220;mejor&#8221; se refiere a f&#237;sicamente m&#225;s &#225;gil y fuerte. Las evaluaciones del Coronel sobre los requisitos necesarios para convertirse en un &#8220;mejor ser humano&#8221; se encuentran contrabalanceados con aquellas que da el Dr. Erskine cuando le explica a Rogers por qu&#233; se eligi&#243; al soldado m&#225;s d&#233;bil para inaugurar el programa de s&#250;per soldados.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#8220;Esta es la raz&#243;n por la que has sido elegido: un hombre fuerte, que ha conocido el poder toda su vida, perder&#225; el respeto por ese poder&#8230; pero un hombre d&#233;bil conoce el valor de la fuerza y la compasi&#243;n.&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;De esta forma, el mensaje parece promover cualidades humanas tales como la empat&#237;a y la sabidur&#237;a como fundamentales para el perfeccionamiento de los seres humanos. Sin embargo, dos aspectos deben ser tenidos en cuenta.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Primero, el uso de la &#8220;normalidad&#8221; como una virtud en s&#237; misma parece sufrir, en el di&#225;logo del film, de la misma debilidad que presentan los argumentos a favor del mejoramiento humano. Segundo &#8211;y todav&#237;a m&#225;s importante&#8211; en situaciones de guerra reales, las cualidades mencionadas m&#225;s arriba no son siquiera tomadas en cuenta. Toda tecnolog&#237;a apunta a aumentar la fuerza f&#237;sica del soldado, no su estatura moral.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Por esta raz&#243;n es que el Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica es el paradigma del soldado perfecto: al haber sido elegido por sus cualidades morales, puede usar su poder para el bien de otros, y no verse tentado de utilizar sus nuevos poderes para explotar la estructura de su cuerpo sobrenatural, (o podr&#237;amos decir post humano) para su beneficio personal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Como se menciona m&#225;s arriba, la primera parte de la historia &#8211;el perfeccionamiento t&#233;cnico de un soldado&#8211; es bastante real ya que en el ej&#233;rcito de los Estados Unidos se han realizado mejor&#237;as dr&#225;sticas de esta &#237;ndole. La verdadera dimensi&#243;n de superh&#233;roe del personaje deriva de su capacidad de resistir la debilidad humana de sacar ventaja del poder que se le ha otorgado. El resultado es claramente una historia a favor del mejoramiento humano. Sin embargo, el problema se mantiene sin cuestionar: &#191;qu&#233; pasar&#237;a si el Capit&#225;n Am&#233;rica cambiase su actitud hacia el resto de los humanos y los hiciera objeto de actos discriminatorios?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La omisi&#243;n voluntaria de una respuesta convincente a esta pregunta nos llevar&#225; a concluir que el alcance propagand&#237;stico del cine ha cambiado dr&#225;sticamente: m&#225;s que demonizar al extremo a un enemigo, el cine es hoy utilizado para facilitar la toma de una pastilla, lo cual ya es por cierto una realidad que se extiende detr&#225;s de la c&#225;mara.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notas 2-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Human Enhancement&lt;/i&gt;, en el original ingl&#233;s. La expresi&#243;n ha sido traducida tambi&#233;n como &#8220;perfeccionamiento humano&#8221;. Resulta &#250;til aqu&#237; la definici&#243;n que hace del t&#233;rmino James Hughes, as&#237; citada en Wikipedia: &lt;i&gt;cualquier intento permanente o transitorio de superar las limitaciones del cuerpo humano, tanto por medios naturales como artificiales. El t&#233;rmino a veces se utiliza para referirse al uso de tecnolog&#237;as para seleccionar o modificar aptitudes y caracter&#237;sticas humanas que no est&#225;n fuera del rango de las posibilidades humanas existentes. &lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Algunos bioeticistas sin embargo, reservan el t&#233;rmino &#250;nicamente para la aplicaci&#243;n de tecnolog&#237;as neurotecnol&#243;gicas, gen&#233;ticas o nanom&#233;dicas sobre la biolog&#237;a humana&lt;/i&gt;. (N. del E.)&lt;/p&gt;
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